Finite element models of bones loaded by muscle forces.
The FE models (input files) are compatible with the nonlinear FE code [Metafor](http://metafor.ltas.ulg.ac.be/) and with **fossils**, a free and open-source FE solver whose source code and binaries are provided here. It is written in C++ with the help of the [gmsh](https://gmsh.info/) library for mesh management and pre/postprocessing, [Eigen](https://eigen.tuxfamily.org/) for linear algebra and [MKL Pardiso](https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/develop/documentation/onemkl-developer-reference-c/top/sparse-solver-routines/onemkl-pardiso-parallel-direct-sparse-solver-iface.html)(fast parallel linear solver). The code is wrapped in Python thanks to [SWIG](https://www.swig.org/). The small GUI is written in [PyQt](https://www.riverbankcomputing.com/software/pyqt/).
## How to run the models (GUI)?
* The latest Windows installer of **fossils** can be downloaded here: [fossilsetup.exe](https://dox.ulg.ac.be/index.php/s/9SQfoQnQ2vRKUvl).
* Run the installer and double-click on the link on the desktop.
* Choose an input file (see the models folder of this repository).
This work has been done through a collaboration between the [EDDy Lab](https://www.eddylab.uliege.be/)(Prof. Valentin Fisher) and the [Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering](https://www.am.uliege.be/)(R. Boman, J.-P. Ponthot) at the University of Liège.
## References
More information in the [fossils Wiki](https://gitlab.uliege.be/rboman/fossils/-/wikis/home).
This work has been done through a collaboration between the [EDDy Lab](https://www.eddylab.uliege.be/)(Prof. Valentin Fisher) and the [Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering](https://www.am.uliege.be/)(R. Boman, J.-P. Ponthot) at the University of Liège.
* V. Gaudichon - Uncovering the functional disparity of Cretaceous marine reptiles via finite element analysis. Thesis of Master II Paleontology Poitiers-Montpellier 2020-2021.
* V. Gaudichon et al. [Uncovering the biomechanical disparity of Cretaceous marine reptile feeding via finite element analysis](https://orbi.uliege.be/handle/2268/262672). 69th Symposium on Vertebrate Palaeontology and Comparative Anatomy - September 2021.
*[Metafor](http://metafor.ltas.ulg.ac.be/).
## Examples of calculations of marine reptile mandibles