Backport specification from my PhD thesis

This replaces the text of the specification and the rule list with the text in my PhD thesis.

Most importantly this adds an abstract proof checking procedure that specifies the semantic of an Altehe proof (modulo the proof rules).

Furthermore, it adapts the notation more to SMT-LIB: everything is in λ-application style ((f x) instead of f(x)) and we no longer have a distinct connective. Instead we use the equality predicate everywhere.

On the technical side this now requires lualatex for Unicode math.

spec/changelog.tex

@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ The language has a formal definition and a proof of soundness.  The syntax
 describes how proofs are encoded in the text file.
 
 The syntax was extended to allow extra annotations.  Tools consuming Alethe
-proofs must be able to ignore such extra annotations. 
+proofs must be able to ignore such extra annotations.
 
 List of rules:
 \begin{itemize}